全文获取类型
收费全文 | 65220篇 |
免费 | 10681篇 |
国内免费 | 7274篇 |
专业分类
电工技术 | 9534篇 |
技术理论 | 2篇 |
综合类 | 8513篇 |
化学工业 | 4216篇 |
金属工艺 | 2188篇 |
机械仪表 | 5812篇 |
建筑科学 | 6344篇 |
矿业工程 | 2164篇 |
能源动力 | 2036篇 |
轻工业 | 1630篇 |
水利工程 | 3224篇 |
石油天然气 | 1639篇 |
武器工业 | 1352篇 |
无线电 | 7646篇 |
一般工业技术 | 6082篇 |
冶金工业 | 1776篇 |
原子能技术 | 296篇 |
自动化技术 | 18721篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 226篇 |
2023年 | 1327篇 |
2022年 | 2105篇 |
2021年 | 2457篇 |
2020年 | 2620篇 |
2019年 | 2230篇 |
2018年 | 2181篇 |
2017年 | 2628篇 |
2016年 | 2948篇 |
2015年 | 3142篇 |
2014年 | 4288篇 |
2013年 | 4348篇 |
2012年 | 5340篇 |
2011年 | 5442篇 |
2010年 | 4254篇 |
2009年 | 4236篇 |
2008年 | 4153篇 |
2007年 | 4835篇 |
2006年 | 4182篇 |
2005年 | 3476篇 |
2004年 | 2853篇 |
2003年 | 2373篇 |
2002年 | 1907篇 |
2001年 | 1773篇 |
2000年 | 1439篇 |
1999年 | 1124篇 |
1998年 | 896篇 |
1997年 | 763篇 |
1996年 | 652篇 |
1995年 | 605篇 |
1994年 | 505篇 |
1993年 | 394篇 |
1992年 | 321篇 |
1991年 | 248篇 |
1990年 | 220篇 |
1989年 | 199篇 |
1988年 | 125篇 |
1987年 | 60篇 |
1986年 | 32篇 |
1985年 | 31篇 |
1984年 | 51篇 |
1983年 | 35篇 |
1982年 | 29篇 |
1981年 | 18篇 |
1980年 | 28篇 |
1979年 | 22篇 |
1978年 | 9篇 |
1977年 | 8篇 |
1959年 | 6篇 |
1951年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
81.
Ioannis-Dimosthenis S. Adamakis Ilektra Sperdouli Anetta Han Anelia Dobrikova Emilia Apostolova Michael Moustakas 《International journal of molecular sciences》2021,22(1)
Five-day exposure of clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.) to 100 μM cadmium (Cd) in hydroponics was sufficient to increase Cd concentrations significantly in roots and aboveground parts and affect negatively whole plant levels of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), since Cd competes for Ca channels, while reduced Mg concentrations are associated with increased Cd tolerance. Total zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) uptake increased but their translocation to the aboveground parts decreased. Despite the substantial levels of Cd in leaves, without any observed defects on chloroplast ultrastructure, an enhanced photosystem II (PSII) efficiency was observed, with a higher fraction of absorbed light energy to be directed to photochemistry (ΦPSΙΙ). The concomitant increase in the photoprotective mechanism of non-photochemical quenching of photosynthesis (NPQ) resulted in an important decrease in the dissipated non-regulated energy (ΦNO), modifying the homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (ROS), through a decreased singlet oxygen (1O2) formation. A basal ROS level was detected in control plant leaves for optimal growth, while a low increased level of ROS under 5 days Cd exposure seemed to be beneficial for triggering defense responses, and a high level of ROS out of the boundaries (8 days Cd exposure), was harmful to plants. Thus, when clary sage was exposed to Cd for a short period, tolerance mechanisms were triggered. However, exposure to a combination of Cd and high light or to Cd alone (8 days) resulted in an inhibition of PSII functionality, indicating Cd toxicity. Thus, the rapid activation of PSII functionality at short time exposure and the inhibition at longer duration suggests a hormetic response and describes these effects in terms of “adaptive response” and “toxicity”, respectively. 相似文献
82.
目的 研究发酵乳杆菌(Lactobacillus fermentum) HCS08-005耐逆性及对体外细胞的免疫调节作用。方法 考察发酵乳杆菌HCS08-005的耐酸耐胆盐能力,并应用发酵乳杆菌HCS08-005细胞裂解物,处理小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW264.7和小鼠脾脏细胞,用酶联免疫吸附测定试剂盒检测各类炎症因子包括肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-2 (inter-leukin-2,IL-2)、白细胞介素-12 (inter-leukin-12,IL-12)、γ干扰素(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)的表达水平。结果 显示发酵乳杆菌HCS08-005有较好的耐逆性,能够耐受酸和胆盐环境到达肠道发挥作用。不同浓度的发酵乳杆菌HCS08-005细胞裂解物对小鼠脾脏细胞和巨噬细胞分泌炎症因子均有极显著影响(P<0.01),在质量浓度为100 μg/g时,IL-2分泌量为421.49 pg/g,TNF-α分泌量为161.23 pg/g,IFN-γ分泌量为846.14 pg/g,IL-12分泌量为12.88 pg/g,因子水平极显著提高(P<0.01)。结论 在体外细胞试验中,发酵乳杆菌HCS08-005有较好的耐逆性,对体外细胞有免疫调节作用。 相似文献
83.
《Ceramics International》2022,48(18):25984-25995
Design of architectured composites with layered-ordered structure can solve the strength-toughness mismatch problem of structural materials. In the present study, heterostructure Ti6Al4V/TiAl laminated composite sheets with different thicknesses of interface layer and TiAl composite layer were successfully produced by hot-pressing technology. The effects of interface regulation and laminated structure on their mechanical properties, crack propagation, and fracture behavior were studied. The results indicated that compressive strength of the sheets increased with the decrease in interface thickness. Compressive strength of TiAl composite sheet with thicker composite layer reached 1481.55 MPa at the arrester orientation with sintering holding time of 40 min, which was 25.96% higher than that of the sheet obtained at 120 min. Analysis indicated that the interface area transferred stress through slip bands and through-interface cracks. Compressive strength at the divider orientation reached 1443.06 MPa, which was 45.78% higher than that of the sheet obtained at 120 min. In this case, the interface area transferred stress through slip bands and along-interface cracks. For TiAl composite sheets with thinner composite layer, compressive strength was further improved to 1631.01 MPa and 1594.66 MPa at the arrester and divider orientations with sintering holding time of 40 min, respectively. The ductile metal layer exerted a significant toughening effect. Both interface regulation and laminated structure transformation could enhance the hetero-deformation induced (HDI) strengthening and improve the comprehensive mechanical properties of the composite sheets. 相似文献
84.
表面张力是流体重要的物理性质,测定表面张力的方法通常包括毛细管上升法、最大气泡压力法、拉环法、旋滴法和悬滴法等。目前,最普遍的表面张力的测定方法为国家标准推荐的平板法或拉环法。然而,悬滴法作为一项成熟的表面张力测定方法且具备静态表面张力及动态表面张力测定功能,目前使用该法测定的较少。文章使用悬滴法测定较低含量的表面活性剂溶液静态表面张力时发现结果与拉环法差异较大,而测定单组分液体及含量较大的表面活性剂溶液,悬滴法与拉环法的测定数据差异较小,这种情况的相关报道较少。另外,使用动态表面张力测定探索了静态测定时出现差异的原因,并对应用悬滴法进行表面张力测定的适用范围进行了总结。使用悬滴法测定表面张力时,应注意时间效应的影响。 相似文献
85.
86.
87.
Shanke Liu Hui Jin Yan Yang Lijun Yu 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2021,46(54):27473-27482
Benzothiophene (BT) is a key sulfur-containing intermediate product in the thermal conversion process of coal and heavy oil. The migration process of the sulfur element may affect the thermal utilization design of BT. In this paper, BT was used as a model compound to simulate the supercritical water gasification (SCWG) process by molecular dynamics with a reactive force field (ReaxFF) method, and the laws of hydrogen production and sulfur migration mechanisms were obtained. Increasing the molecule number of supercritical water (SCW) and increasing the reaction temperature can enhance the generation of hydrogen and promote the conversion of organic sulfur to inorganic sulfur. Water was the main source of H2, and H2S was the main gaseous sulfur-containing product. SCW had a certain degree of oxidation due to a large number of hydroxyl radicals, which could increase the valence of sulfur. The conversion process of BT in SCW was mainly divided into four stages, including thiophene ring-opening; sulfur separation or carbon chain broke with sulfur retention; carbon chain cleaved, and gas generation. The lumped kinetic parameters of the conversion of sulfur in BT to inorganic sulfur were calculated, and the activation energy was 369.98 kJ/mol, which was much lower than those under pyrolysis conditions. This article aims to clarify the synergistic characteristics of hydrogen production and sulfur migration in the SCWG process of BT from the molecular perspective, which is expected to provide a theoretical basis for pollutant directional removal during hydrogen production by sulfur-containing organic matters in SCW. 相似文献
88.
89.
Yujia Wang Tong Wang Xuebo Yang Jiae Yang 《International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing》2021,35(7):1388-1403
In this article, a decentralized optimal tracking control strategy is proposed for a class of nonlinear systems with tracking error constraints by utilizing adaptive dynamic programming (ADP). It should be noted that ADP technology cannot be directly used to solve decentralized optimal tracking problem of large-scale interconnected nonlinear system with nonzero equilibrium points, since that an infinite domain performance index function may result in an unsolvable solution. In addition, by introducing a smooth function, the constrained tracking error is transformed into an unconstrained one. Then, the error dynamics and a new infinite domain performance index function are designed, such that ADP technology can be used. Following the designed performance index function, the tracking error can be ensured within a small neighborhood of zero. Finally, the feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed decentralized optimal control scheme are verified through two simulation examples. 相似文献
90.
The uncertainty associated with modeling and performance prediction of solar photovoltaic systems could be easily and efficiently solved by artificial intelligence techniques. During the past decade of 2009 to 2019, artificial neural network (ANN), fuzzy logic (FL), genetic algorithm (GA) and their hybrid models are found potential artificial intelligence tools for performance prediction and modeling of solar photovoltaic systems. In addition, during this decade there is no extensive review on applicability of ANN, FL, GA and their hybrid models for performance prediction and modeling of solar photovoltaic systems. Therefore, this article focuses on extensive review on design, modeling, maximum power point tracking, fault detection and output power/efficiency prediction of solar photovoltaic systems using artificial intelligence techniques of the ANN, FL, GA and their hybrid models. In addition, the selected articles on the solar radiation prediction using ANN, FL, GA and their hybrid models are also summarized. Total of 122 articles are reviewed and summarized in the present review for the period of 2009 to 2019 with 90 articles in the field of {ANN, FL, GA and their hybrid models} + solar photovoltaic systems and 32 articles in the field of {ANN, FL, GA and their hybrid models} + solar radiation. The review shows the suitability and reliability of ANN, FL, GA and hybrid models for accurate prediction of the solar radiation and the performance characteristics of solar photovoltaic systems. In addition, this review presents the guidance for the researchers and engineers in the field of solar photovoltaic systems to select the suitable prediction tool for enhancement of the performance characteristics of the solar photovoltaic systems and the utilization of the available solar radiation. 相似文献